Article 212 of the civil code considers that the transaction of minors, insane and immature persons is void because of inCAPACITY to EXERCISE RIGHTS and the next article states that the transaction of the interdicted person is ineffective while article 1212 of the civil code considers that the minor ownership is void article 1212 and in exception, the minor gratuitous owning is valid. Article 1213 of the civil code considers that the lawful ownerships of the constant insane are absolutely void and lawful activities of temporary insane in healthy circumstance are valid. Article1214 of the civil code states that the ownership of immature is no effective but his gratuitous owning is valid. From one side the transaction of such persons is void distinctly as mentioned in article 212 of the civil code and from other side; article 213 of the civil code considers it no effective. The present paper with analytic –descriptive approach tries to solve the available apparent contradiction with the analysis of legal-jurisprudential bases and Imami jurists and law scholars of Iran in the ground of the interdiction in this way that the legislator in article 212 of the civil code (volume1) has announced that the decrees of the mentioned interdicted persons are void and in the second volume, from article1207 to up has stated that the decrees of the mentioned ones in article 212 of the civil code and article 213 of the civil code have related to the persons who are prohibited to possess all or some of their properties with a court or law jurisdiction.

I have previously argued that human flourishing partly consists in the ability to EXERCISE essential human capacities, many of which are non-distinctive and shared with other animals. The concept of flourishing is itself species-specific. Thus, the development of essential capacities (human and nonhuman) comprises a large part of the goods that we ought to promote. Problems about the definition of ‘essential’ are discussed, as are related issues about whether there are necessary and sufficient conditions for the correct use of sortal universal terms. The relation of the EXERCISE of essential capacities to basic needs is investigated, and the essential nature of the human CAPACITY for meaningful work, which has been disputed by John White, is defended. Finally, some suggestions are offered about what the proponents of the capabilities approach might derive from that of essential capacities.

Criminalization of some sexual relationships constitutes a part of criminal RIGHTS, and even after French Great Revolution and expansion of individual RIGHTS, though some countries have tried to limit sexual crimes, by the way, description of rape crime principle has been established in sexual relationships of many countries including England and most states of America; the issue which is evident in law and Imamiyeh jurisprudence and its historical roots are several times deeper than West, but has been ignored in Iran laws; and nowadays, sexual crime is just approved when there is no matrimonial relations or such. Although RIGHTS’ abuse is definitely different from adultery, but considering principle 167 of constitutional RIGHTS and referring to principle 4 of constitutional RIGHTS as the source of Iran law, possibility of criminalizing this behavior in the frame of discretionary crime is considerable; in the case that spiritual or physical persecution, or any other mental and legal barriers is realized, wife will have the right to deny from obedience and this may provide conditions to criminalize “ imposing sexual relations by husband against wife” .

Background: Many studies showed that heart rate recovery (1 min) and EXERCISE CAPACITY at EXERCISE test are both strong predictors of cardiovascular events in various populations. This study compared heart rate recovery (1min) and EXERCISE CAPACITY in individuals with and without metabolic syndrome in Iranian community.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 470 individuals aged ³ 35 years who followed in Isfahan Cohort Study. A questionnaire including questions on demographic and lifestyle information as well as weight, height, blood pressure, and waist circumference was completed. Triglyceride, fasting blood glucose (FBS), total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL levels were measured as well. All subjects performed a symptom limited EXERCISE test under the standard Bruce protocol. Heart rate recovery (1 min) and EXERCISE CAPACITY were calculated. Data were analyzed by generalized linear model SPSS15 software.Finding: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were higher in individuals with metabolic syndrome (P=0.001). Heart rate recovery (1 min) was in normal range in individuals with and without metabolic syndrome (>18 bpm) but in subjects without metabolic syndrome it was higher (41.48 versus 37.07; P=0.007). There was no difference between men and women in individuals with and without metabolic syndrome (P=0.645 and 0.39 respectively). EXERCISE CAPACITY was lower in individuals without metabolic syndrome (P=0.022).Conclusion: Our findings suggested that among EXERCISE CAPACITY and heart rate recovery, this is EXERCISE CAPACITY which has a stronger relationship with metabolic syndrome in our community. Also, it seems that there is a need for reconsideration on heart rate recovery threshold.

Background: Patients with congenital heart defects that have single functional ventricle undergo Fontan surgery. After the surgery, patients will develop reduced CAPACITY for physical activity and EXERCISE. Phosphodiesterase inhibitor drugs have vasodilatory effects and can decrease blood flow resistance. Thereby, they can help to improve the EXERCISE CAPACITY of patients. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of tadalafil on EXERCISE CAPACITY in these patients. Materials and Methods: In this before and after interventional study, 16 patients who had undergone Fontan operation were treated with tadalafil (10 mg daily for 2 weeks and then 10 mg every 12 h for 6 months). Demographic data, heart disease morphology, pulse oximetry, blood pressure (BP), functional class, age at the time of surgery, and the surgery type were collected. Pulmonary function and EXERCISE CAPACITY were assessed by 6‑ min walk test and VO2 max (maximal oxygen consumption). Results: Mean distance based on 6‑ min walk test increased from 418. 75 m to 439. 06 m (P = 0. 004). Mean maximal oxygen consumption increased from 0. 84 L/min to 1. 07 L/min (P < 0. 001). Furthermore, preEXERCISE test oxygen saturation increased from 89% to 90. 94% (P = 0. 02). No significant change was observed regarding other variables. Conclusion: Tadalafil was found to be effective in improving EXERCISE CAPACITY of the patients with a previous history of Fontan surgery. However, tadalafil had no significant effect on systolic or diastolic BP and heart rate.

Selective adaptation describes the process by which international legal rules are contextualized to local conditions. The institutional and cultural contexts for selective adaptation involve a process by which non-local institutional practices and organizational forms are mediated by local norms. This process can be illustrated by reference to the local implementation of international human RIGHTS regimes. Selective adaptation is made possible by ways in which governments, elites, and other interpretive communities express their own normative preferences in the course of interpretation and application of practice rules. Selective adaptation depends on a number of factors, including perception, complementarity, and legitimacy. Perception influences understanding about foreign and local norms and practices. Originally a principle of nuclear physics, complementarity describes a circumstance by which apparently contradictory phenomena can be combined in ways that preserve essential characteristics of each component and yet allow for them to operate together in a mutually reinforcing and effective manner. Legitimacy concerns the extent to which members of local communities support the purposes and consequences of selective adaptation. These three factors EXERCISE a powerful influence on local compliance with international human RIGHTS regimes, as local interpretive communities endeavor to harmonize international rules with local norms. This paper will apply selective adaptation paradigm to performance of international human RIGHTS obligations such as the right to development. The paper draws on documentary and field research in China and Asia during 2002-2004. Supported by a Major Collaborative Research Initiatives project funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the paper will suggest how selective adaptation affects the dynamics of the right to development, and how compliance with international human RIGHTS rules remains contextualized to local legal and political culture.